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联合样本输出与特征空间的半监督概念漂移检测法及其应用

孙子健 汤健 乔俊飞

孙子健, 汤健, 乔俊飞. 联合样本输出与特征空间的半监督概念漂移检测法及其应用. 自动化学报, 2022, 48(5): 1259−1272 doi: 10.16383/j.aas.c200984
引用本文: 孙子健, 汤健, 乔俊飞. 联合样本输出与特征空间的半监督概念漂移检测法及其应用. 自动化学报, 2022, 48(5): 1259−1272 doi: 10.16383/j.aas.c200984
Sun Zi-Jian, Tang Jian, Qiao Jun-Fei. Semi-supervised concept drift detection method by combining sample output space and feature space with its application. Acta Automatica Sinica, 2022, 48(5): 1259−1272 doi: 10.16383/j.aas.c200984
Citation: Sun Zi-Jian, Tang Jian, Qiao Jun-Fei. Semi-supervised concept drift detection method by combining sample output space and feature space with its application. Acta Automatica Sinica, 2022, 48(5): 1259−1272 doi: 10.16383/j.aas.c200984

联合样本输出与特征空间的半监督概念漂移检测法及其应用

doi: 10.16383/j.aas.c200984
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(62073006, 62021003, 61890930-5), 北京市自然科学基金(4212032, 4192009), 科学技术部国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1900800-5), 矿冶过程自动控制技术国家(北京市)重点实验室(BGRIMM-KZSKL-2020-02)资助
详细信息
    作者简介:

    孙子健:北京工业大学信息学部硕士研究生. 主要研究方向为概念漂移检测, 城市固废焚烧过程难测参数软测量. E-mail: sunzj@emails.bjut.edu.cn

    汤健:北京工业大学信息学部教授. 主要研究方向为小样本数据建模, 城市固废处理过程智能控制. E-mail: freeflytang@bjut.edu.cn

    乔俊飞:北京工业大学信息学部教授. 主要研究方向为污水处理过程智能控制, 神经网络结构设计与优化. 本文通信作者. E-mail: junfeiq@bjut.edu.cn

Semi-supervised Concept Drift Detection Method by Combining Sample Output Space and Feature Space With Its Application

Funds: Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (62073006, 62021003, 61890930-5), Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, (4212032, 4192009), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1900800-5), and the National (Beijing) Key Laboratory of Automatic Control Technology for Mining and Metallurgical Process (BGRIMM-KZSKL-2020-02)
More Information
    Author Bio:

    SUN Zi-Jian Master student at the Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology. His research interest covers concept drift detection and soft measurement of difficulty-to-measure parameters in municipal solid waste incineration process

    TANG Jian Professor at the Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology. His research interest covers small sample data modeling and intelligent control of municipal solid waste treatment process

    QIAO Jun-Fei Professor at the Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology. His research interest covers intelligent control of wastewater treatment process, and structure design and optimization of neural networks. Corresponding author of this paper

  • 摘要: 城市固废焚烧(Municipal solid waste incineration, MSWI)过程受垃圾成分波动、设备磨损与维修、季节交替变化等因素的影响而存在概念漂移现象, 这导致用于污染物排放浓度的建模数据具有时变性. 为此, 需要识别能够表征概念漂移的新样本对污染物测量模型进行更新, 但现有漂移检测方法难以有效应用于建模样本真值获取困难的工业过程. 针对上述问题, 提出一种联合样本输出与特征空间的半监督概念漂移检测方法. 首先, 采用基于主成分分析(Principal component analysis, PCA)的无监督机制识别特征空间内的概念漂移样本; 然后, 在样本输出空间采用基于时间差分(Temporal-difference, TD)学习的半监督机制对上述概念漂移样本进行伪真值标注后, 再用Page-Hinkley检测法确认能够表征概念漂移的样本; 最后, 采用上述步骤获得的新样本结合历史样本对模型进行更新. 基于合成和真实工业过程数据集的仿真结果表明所提方法具有优于已有方法的性能, 能够在加强模型漂移适应性的同时有效缩减样本标注成本.
    1)  收稿日期 2020-11-27 录用日期 2021-03-02 Manuscript received November 27, 2020; accepted March 2,2021 国家自然科学基金 (62073006, 62021003, 61890930-5), 北京市自然科学基金 (4212032, 4192009), 科学技术部国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1900800-5), 矿冶过程自动控制技术国家 (北京市) 重点实验室 (BGRIMM-KZSKL-2020-02) 资助 Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (62073006, 62021003, 61890930-5), Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (4212032, 4192009), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1900800-5), and the National (Beijing) Key Laboratory of Automatic Control Technology for Mining and Metallurgical Process (BGRIMM-KZSKL-2020-02)
    2)  本文责任编委 魏庆来 Recommended by Associate Editor WEI Qing-Lai 1. 北京工业大学信息学部 北京 100124 2. 计算智能与智能系统北京市重点实验室 北京 100124 1. Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124 2. Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Beijing 100124
  • 图  1  MSWI工艺流程图

    Fig.  1  The flow chart of MSWI process

    图  2  常见概念漂移处理方式

    Fig.  2  The common way to deal with concept drift

    图  3  本文算法策略

    Fig.  3  The strategy of the proposed algorithm

    图  4  各特征在概念漂移环境中的变化情况

    Fig.  4  Changes of each feature in the concept drift environment

    图  5  原始模型测量结果

    Fig.  5  Measurement results of the original model

    图  6  针对特征空间的漂移检测结果

    Fig.  6  Drift detection results in the feature space

    图  7  针对特征空间漂移样本的伪真值标注结果

    Fig.  7  Pseudo-true value labeling results for samples with concept drift in the feature space

    图  8  针对输出空间的漂移检测结果

    Fig.  8  Drift detection results in the output space

    图  9  采用所提漂移检测算法后模型测量误差变化

    Fig.  9  Changes of model measurement error after adopting the proposed drift detection algorithm

    图  10  采用不同算法时模型测量误差变化

    Fig.  10  Changes in model measurement errors when using different algorithms

    表  1  各数据集参数介绍

    Table  1  Detailed introduction of each data set

    数据集样本总数建模样本数验证样本数漂移样本数特征空间维数
    合成15005005005005
    过程150050050050018
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  仿真参数设置

    Table  2  Simulation parameter setting

    参数名称数据集
    合成过程
    GPR 核函数径向基核函数径向基核函数
    核函数宽度0.59671.5116
    核函数特征长度0.79391.4734
    待标注样本窗口容量 (w)850
    PCA 控制限置信度 (ConfSPE, ConfT2)0.8, 0.80.9, 0.9
    TD 学习最近邻数量 $(\varepsilon) $65
    Page-Hinkley 检测法基准累计
    平均测量误差 (${\phi _0}$)
    2.291916.8846
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  所提算法检测信息

    Table  3  Detection information of the proposed algorithm

    合成数据集过程数据集
    缓存窗口填满次数509
    模型更新次数448
    标注漂移样本伪真值数350441
    原始模型 RMSE7.647853.0210
    采用本文算法后模型 RMSE2.584028.8785
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4  不同算法检测性能比较

    Table  4  Comparison of detection performance of different algorithms

    数据集检测算法模型更新次数更新所需真值数模型测量 RMSE其他
    合成无监督型1011012.5846需采用真值更新
    有监督型999902.2943需采用真值检测与更新
    本文算法44502.5840采用伪真值更新
    过程无监督型46346335.8261需采用真值更新
    有监督型1945028.4729需采用真值检测与更新
    本文算法8928.8785采用伪真值更新
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5  不同模型测量性能比较

    Table  5  Comparison of measurement performance of different models

    数据集测量模型核函数 (核宽度)最小叶尺寸训练 RMSE训练 R2测量 RMSE
    合成SVR径向基 (0.5600)0.24790.943.7900
    RT40.30340.913.1241
    GPR径向基 (0.5967)0.18990.962.5840
    过程SVR径向基 (1.1000)0.13690.9830.3916
    RT40.16300.9729.9548
    GPR径向基 (1.5116)0.13480.9828.8785
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  6  不同距离函数对模型更新性能影响

    Table  6  The influence of different distance functions on model updating performance

    数据集距离函数伪真值标注平均误差模型测量 RMSE
    合成曼哈顿距离3.34343.1939
    切比雪夫距离3.23823.2484
    欧氏距离3.27602.5840
    过程曼哈顿距离38.004328.9954
    切比雪夫距离37.739228.9947
    欧氏距离35.942928.8785
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  7  不同可变参数对应算法性能变化

    Table  7  Algorithm performance changes corresponding to different variable parameters

    样本窗口容量 w最近邻数量 $\varepsilon $PCA 控制限 ConfSPE,ConfT2缓存窗口填满次数标注伪真值数更新次数伪真值标注平均误差模型测量 RMSE
    3030.85, 0.85164641338.900531.0823
    0.90, 0.90164641548.201635.2513
    0.95, 0.95164641237.752828.9876
    50.85, 0.85164641540.000430.4071
    0.90, 0.90164641547.663634.2694
    0.95, 0.95154351339.025831.0078
    80.85, 0.85164641240.178228.8912
    0.90, 0.90164641546.556732.8323
    0.95, 0.95154351438.440030.5321
    5030.85, 0.859441842.992330.1536
    0.90, 0.909441836.899929.7216
    0.95, 0.959441731.282229.3330
    50.85, 0.859441843.448329.8960
    0.90, 0.909441935.942928.8785
    0.95, 0.959441731.967429.9178
    80.85, 0.859441842.975929.4615
    0.90, 0.909441837.033829.2796
    0.95, 0.959441631.426729.3356
    7030.85, 0.856414544.731533.6308
    0.90, 0.906414546.985936.2573
    0.95, 0.956414533.471133.1686
    50.85, 0.856414541.974432.4663
    0.90, 0.906414544.458034.3495
    0.95, 0.956414533.628734.2660
    80.85, 0.856414542.392931.0446
    0.90, 0.906414545.877134.5003
    0.95, 0.956414533.220633.5950
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2020-11-27
  • 录用日期:  2021-03-02
  • 网络出版日期:  2021-05-16
  • 刊出日期:  2022-05-13

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