多Agent深度强化学习综述

梁星星; 冯旸赫; 马扬; 程光权; 黄金才; 王琦; 周玉珍; 刘忠

doi:10.16383/j.aas.c180372

多Agent深度强化学习综述

doi: 10.16383/j.aas.c180372

梁星星^1,,
冯旸赫^1, ,,
马扬^1,,
程光权^1,,
黄金才^1,,
王琦^1,,
周玉珍^1,,
刘忠^1,

1.
国防科技大学系统工程学院长沙 410072

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金 71701205

国家自然科学基金 62073333

详细信息

作者简介:
梁星星  国防科技大学系统工程学院博士研究生. 2014年获得国防科学技术大学学士学位. 2016年获得国防科学技术大学管理科学与工程硕士学位.主要研究方向为深度强化学习, 多Agent智能规划, 多Agent深度强化学习. E-mail: doublestar_l@163.com

马扬  国防科技大学系统工程学院博士研究生. 2014年获得国防科学技术大学学士学位. 2016年获得国防科学技术大学管理科学与工程硕士学位.主要研究方向为网络嵌入, 链路预测. E-mail: yang_ma_cn@163.com

程光权  国防科技大学系统工程学院副教授.主要研究方向为链路预测. E-mail: cgq299@163.com

黄金才  国防科技大学系统工程学院教授.主要研究方向为智能调度与控制. E-mail: huangjincai@nudt.edu.cn

王琦  国防科技大学系统工程学院博士研究生. 2015年获得四川大学基础数学系学士学位. 2017年获得国防科学技术大学管理科学与工程硕士学位.主要研究方向为不确定决策, 智能调度与控制, 复杂系统建模. E-mail: wangqi15@nudt.edu.cn

周玉珍  国防科技大学系统工程学院博士研究生. 2014年获得安阳师范学院数学与应用数学学士学位. 2017年获得郑州大学计算数学硕士学位.主要研究方向为交通, 物流, 偏微分方程的数值解. E-mail: yuzhen_zyz@163.com

刘忠  国防科技大学系统工程学院教授.主要研究方向为智能规划与决策, 深度强化学习和多智能体系统. E-mail: liuzhong@nudt.edu.cn

通讯作者:
冯旸赫国防科技大学系统工程学院副教授.获得国防科技大学硕士学位和博士学位.博士期间研究关注于构建“在线规划与离线学习”架构, 辅助计算机分析, 认知和预测真实世界的不确定性.曾任爱荷华大学访问学者与助理教授.主要研究方向为因果发现与推理, 主动学习和强化学习.本文通信作者. E-mail: fengyanghe@nudt.edu.cn

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-06-04
- 录用日期: 2019-04-26
- 刊出日期: 2020-12-29

Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: A Survey

1.
College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410072

Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 71701205

National Natural Science Foundation of China 62073333

More Information

Author Bio:
LIANG Xing-Xing  Ph. D. candidate at the College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology. He received his bachelor degrees at National University of Defense Technology in 2014. He received his master degrees in management science and engineering from National University of Defense Technology in 2016. He is currently pursuing the Ph. D. degree in management science and engineering at National University of Defense Technology. His current research interest covers deep reinforcement learning, multi-agent intelligence planning, and multi-agent deep reinforcement learning

MA Yang  Ph. D. candidate at the College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology. He received his bachelor degrees in National University of Defense Technology, in 2014. He received his master degree in management science and engineering from National University of Defense Technology in 2016. He is currently pursuing the Ph. D. degree in management science and engineering at National University of Defense Technology. His current research interest covers network embedding and link prediction

CHENG Guang-Quan  Associate professor at the College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology. His main research interest is link prediction

HUANG Jin-Cai  Professor at the College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology. His main research interest is intelligent scheduling and control

WANG Qi  Ph. D. candidate at the College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology. He received his bachelor degree in fundamental mathematics from Sichuan University, in 2015 and his master degree in management science and engineering from National University of Defense Technology, in 2017. His research interest covers decision-making in uncertainty, intelligent scheduling and control, and complex system modeling

ZHOU Yu-Zhen  Ph. D. candidate at the College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology. She received her bachelor degree in mathematics and applied mathematics from Anyang Normal University in 2014 and his master degree in computational mathematics from Zhengzhou University in 2017. Her research interest covers transport, logistics, and numerical solutions of partial differential equations

LIU Zhong  Professor at the College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology. His research interest covers intelligent planning and decision-making, deep reinforcement learning, and multi-agent systems

Corresponding author: FENG Yang-He Associate professor at the College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology. He received his master and Ph. D. degrees from the Information System and Engineering Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology. His research interest covers the casual discovery and inference, active learning and reinforcement learning. Before joining National University of Defense Technology, he was a visit scholar and research assistant professor with the University of Iowa. His Ph. D. research focused on building "the plan online and learn offline" framework to enable computers with the abilities to analyze, recognize and predict real-world uncertainty. Corresponding author of this paper

摘要

摘要: 近年来, 深度强化学习(Deep reinforcement learning, DRL)在诸多复杂序贯决策问题中取得巨大突破.由于融合了深度学习强大的表征能力和强化学习有效的策略搜索能力, 深度强化学习已经成为实现人工智能颇有前景的学习范式.然而, 深度强化学习在多Agent系统的研究与应用中, 仍存在诸多困难和挑战, 以StarCraft Ⅱ为代表的部分观测环境下的多Agent学习仍然很难达到理想效果.本文简要介绍了深度Q网络、深度策略梯度算法等为代表的深度强化学习算法和相关技术.同时, 从多Agent深度强化学习中通信过程的角度对现有的多Agent深度强化学习算法进行归纳, 将其归纳为全通信集中决策、全通信自主决策、欠通信自主决策3种主流形式.从训练架构、样本增强、鲁棒性以及对手建模等方面探讨了多Agent深度强化学习中的一些关键问题, 并分析了多Agent深度强化学习的研究热点和发展前景.
- 多Agent系统 /
- 深度学习 /
- 深度强化学习 /
- 通用人工智能
Abstract: Recent years has witnessed the great success of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) in addressing complicated problems, and it is widely used to capture plausible policies in sequential decision-making tasks. Recognized as a promising learning paradigm, the deep reinforcement learning takes advantage of the great power of representations in deep learning and superior capability of policy improvement in reinforcement learning, driving the development of artificial intelligence into a new era. Though the DRL has shown its great power in typical applications, the effective multi-agent DRL still needs further explorations, and a challenging task is to guide multi-agents to play StarCraft Ⅱ, where the environment is partially observed and dynamic. To enable DRL better accommodate the multi-agent environment and overcome challenges, we briefly introduced the foundation of reinforcement learning and then reviewed some representative or state-of-art algorithms of multi-agent DRL, including the deep Q learning algorithm, the deep policy gradient algorithm and related extensions. Meanwhile, some dominant approaches regarding making decisions for multi-agents were elaborated, and we categorized them into three mainstream classes from the aspect of stage of communication in DRL as full communication centralized learning, full communication decentralized learning and limited communication decentralized learning Finally, we discussed some key problems in multi-agent DRL tasks, such as training architecture, example enhancement, robust improvement, and opponent modeling, and highlighted future directions in this issue.
- Multi-agent system /
- deep learning /
- deep reinforcement learning (DRL) /
- artificial general intelligence
Recommended by Associate Editor ZHANG Jun
注释:

1) 本文责任编委张俊

HTML全文

图 1 MDP示意图

Fig. 1 Diagram of MDP

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图 2 DQN架构

Fig. 2 Framework of DQN

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图 3 A3C框架

Fig. 3 Framework of A3C

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图 4 面向多Agent的POMDP

Fig. 4 Multi-agent-oriented POMDP

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图 5 多Agent决策示意图

Fig. 5 Diagram of multi-agent decision-making

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图 6 集中决策架构输出动作分类

Fig. 6 Output action classification of centralized decision architecture

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图 7 基于隐藏层信息池化共享的集中决策架构

Fig. 7 Centralized decision architecture based on shared pooling of hidden layers information

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图 8 多种架构下的值分解网络

Fig. 8 Value decomposition network for multiple architecture

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图 9 通信流示意图

Fig. 9 Diagram of communication flow

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图 10 决策–协同–评估网络架构

Fig. 10 Actor-coordinator-critic net framework

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图 11 心智网络

Fig. 11 Mind theory neural network

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表 1 与已发表相关论文的研究异同

Table 1 Research's similarities and differences

异同点	深度强化学习综述:兼论计算机围棋的发展	多Agent深度强化学习综述
出发点	深度强化学习的发展, 深度强化学习的在围棋发展中的应用.	深度强化学习方法在多Agent系统中的研究现状
综述角度	从强化学习以及深度学习的研究, 对发展而来的深度强化学习进行论述, 并指出在围棋发展中的应用.	在多Agent系统中, 如何应用深度强化学习, 并从神经网络的搭建结构出发, 对当前的多Agent深度强化学习方法进行分类与研究.
内容安排	讨论了强化学习与深度学习的研究成果及其展望, 论述了深度强化学习的主要神经网络结构.在这一基础上, 对AlphaGo进行了的分析与研究, 展开了对计算机围棋的发展研究, 详细论述了AlphaGo的对决过程, 刻画了结合MCTS的深度强化学习方法在围棋研究中的巨大成功.之后, 讨论了深度强化学习的展望, 分析了在在博弈、连续状态动作, 与其他智能方法结合, 理论分析等方面的发展前景.最后给出了深度强化学习的应用.	根据深度强化学习策略的输出形式, 对深度强化学习方法从深度Q学习和深度策略梯度两个方面进行介绍.之后讨论了在多Agent系统中如何使用深度强化学习方法, 解决多Agent系统所面临的问题, 从多Agent深度强化学习中通信过程的角度对现有的多Agent深度强化学习算法进行归纳, 将其归纳为全通信集中决策、全通信自主决策、欠通信自主决策3种主流形式.深度强化学习引入多Agent系统中, 面临着训练架构、样本增强、鲁棒性以及对手建模等新的挑战, 文章对这些问题进行了讨论与分析.

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