A Hierarchical Bio-inspired Neural Network Based Multi-Robot Cooperative Area Search Algorithm
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摘要: 针对多机器人系统在战场, 灾难现场等复杂未知环境下的区域搜索问题, 提出了一种基于分层仿生神经网络的多机器人协同区域搜索算法. 首先将仿生神经网络(BNN) 和不同分辨率下的区域栅格地图结合, 构建分层仿生神经网络信息模型, 其中包括区域搜索神经网络信息模型(AS-BNN)和区域覆盖神经网络信息模型(AC-BNN). 机器人在任务区域内实时探测到的环境信息将转换为AS-BNN和AC-BNN中神经元的动态活性值. 其次, 在分层仿生神经网络信息模型基础上引入了分布式模型预测控制(DMPC)框架, 并设计了多机器人分层协同决策机制. 当机器人处于正常搜索状态时, 基于AS-BNN信息模型进行搜索路径滚动优化决策. 当机器人陷入局部最优状态时, 则启用AC-BNN信息模型引导机器人快速找到新的未搜索区域. 最后, 在复杂未知环境下进行多机器人区域搜索仿真实验, 并与该领域内的3种算法进行比较. 仿真结果验证了所提算法能够在复杂未知环境下引导多机器人系统高效地完成区域搜索任务.Abstract: Aiming at the problem of multi-robot area search in complex and unknown environments, such as battlefields and disaster scenes, a multi-robot cooperative area search algorithm based on a hierarchical bio-inspired neural network was proposed. Firstly, a hierarchical bio-inspired neural network information model was constructed using the bio-inspired neural network (BNN) with grid maps at different resolutions, including the Area Search Neural Network information model (AS-BNN) and the Area Coverage Neural Network information model (AC-BNN). The real-time environmental information detected by the robots in the task area is converted into the dynamic activity values of neurons in both the AS-BNN and AC-BNN. Secondly, a Distributed Model Predictive Control (DMPC) framework was introduced based on the hierarchical bio-inspired neural network information model, and a multi-robot hierarchical cooperative decision-making mechanism was designed. When the robot is in a normal search state, a rolling optimization decision for the search path is made based on the AS-BNN information model. If the robot falls into a local optimum, the AC-BNN information model is activated to guide it in quickly finding a new unsearched area. Finally, a multi-robot area search simulation experiment was conducted in a complex and unknown environment, comparing the proposed algorithm with three other algorithms in this field. The simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm can guide the multi-robot system to efficiently complete the area search task in complex and unknown environments.
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图 2 区域搜索地图与区域覆盖地图映射示例 ($s_f=2$)
Fig. 2 The example of mapping the area search map with the area cover map
图 6 六个机器人在区域搜索过程中不同时刻下的搜索轨迹.
Fig. 6 The search trajectories of six robots at different moments during the area search process
图 7 分层仿生神经网络信息模型在区域搜索过程中不同时刻下的活性值
Fig. 7 The activity values of the hierarchical bio-inspired neural network information model at different moments during the area search process
图 8 六个机器人在不同算法驱动下的区域搜索轨迹
Fig. 8 Six robots search search trajectories in a region driven by different algorithms
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表 1 主要符号说明
Table 1 Description of main symbols
主要符号 具体含义 $ N_r $ 机器人的数量 ${\rm S}_{{\rm cov}}^{k}$ 第$ k $机器人搜索的面积大小 ${\rm S}_{{\rm cov}}^{\rm rep}$ $ N_r $个机器人重复搜索的面积大小 $ {\rm S}\{G(x,\;y)\} $ 栅格$ G(x,\;y) $的状态 ${\rm S}\{A(\hat{x},\;\hat{y})\}$ 子区域$A(\hat{x},\;\hat{y})$的状态 $ K_{\rm u} $ 未搜索栅格状态标记 $ K_{\rm o} $ 障碍物栅格状态标记 $ K_{\rm c} $ 自由栅格状态标记 $ A $ 神经元活性值衰减速率 $ B $ 神经元活性值上限 $ -D $ 神经元活性值下限 $M_r$ 第$i$个神经元的相邻神经元个数 $\psi_{i}$ AS-BNN第$i$个神经元的活性值 $\psi_{i}'$ AC-BNN第$i$个神经元的活性值 $w_{ij} $ 神经元之间连接权重系数 $I_{i}$ AS-BNN神经元外部输入信号 $I_{i}'$ AC-BNN神经元外部输入信号 $L$ DMPC框架下机器人决策预测步长 $h_{s}(k)$ 机器人在栅格地图下位置状态 $h_{s}'(k)$ 机器人在覆盖地图下位置状态 $A(\hat{x}_g,\;\hat{y}_g)$ 机器人局部最优状态下预测的目标子区域 ${x}_s(k),\;{y}_s(k)$ 机器人$k$时刻在栅格地图所处位置 $(\hat{x}_{s}(k),\;\hat{y}_{s}(k))$ 机器人$k$时刻在覆盖地图所处位置 $J$ 用于机器人正常搜索状态下搜索路径预测的搜索收益函数 $J_E$ 用于机器人局部最优搜索状态下的子区域引导路径预测过程的搜索收益函数 $J_H$ 用于机器人局部最优搜索状态下的目标子区域搜索路径预测过程的搜索收益函数 $ J^{(L)} $ 机器人$L$步累积搜索收益函数 $J_c$ 神经元活性值增益函数(搜索路径预测) $J_c'$ 神经元活性值增益函数(子区域引导路径预测) $J_t$ 转弯代价函数 $J_g$ 目标子区域引导函数 $\lambda_1$ 函数$J_c$对应的权重系数 $\lambda_2$ 函数$J_t$对应的的权重系数 $\lambda_3$ 函数$J_g$对应的权重系数
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表 3 不同机器人数量下4种算法区域搜索性能对比
Table 3 Comparison of area search performance of four algorithms under different number of robots
机器人
数量运动
步数BNN算法[26] A-RPSO算法[12] DCRS算法[6] 本文所提算法 AVE-C STD-C MAX-C MIN-C AVE-C STD-C MAX-C MIN-C AVE-C STD-C MAX-C MIN-C AVE-C STD-C MAX-C MIN-C 2 252 84.047% 0.1375 93.556% 72.111% 82.764% 0.0893 94.000% 64.333% 97.164% 0.0330 100.000% 83.556% 99.564% 0.0062 100.000% 98.778% 4 126 84.592% 0.0737 96.556% 76.333% 85.500% 0.0631 96.111% 65.000% 96.836% 0.0232 99.667% 91.111% 99.656% 0.0039 100.000% 99.111% 6 84 86.290% 0.0843 95.667% 75.556% 88.587% 0.0391 93.778% 82.889% 97.438% 0.0162 99.889% 92.778% 99.596% 0.0070 100.000% 98.778% 8 56 82.489% 0.0712 92.444% 71.333% 88.438% 0.0309 93.333% 80.111% 96.106% 0.0231 99.111% 87.444% 99.428% 0.0057 100.000% 98.889%
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