Prediction of Aeroengine Remaining Life by Combining Multi-scale Local Features and Transformer Global Learning
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摘要: 飞机发动机剩余寿命(Remaining useful life, RUL)的准确预测对确保其安全性和可靠性至关重要. 在基于多传感器检测数据预测时, 需解决局部特征提取问题以全面捕捉设备在不同时间尺度下的退化趋势, 并需解决时间序列中各元素之间长期依赖性的全局学习问题. 因此, 提出了结合多尺度局部特征增强单元(Multi-sacle local feature enhancement unit, MSLFU_BLOCK)和Transformer编码器的预测模型, 称之为MS_Transformer. MSLFU_BLOCK利用堆叠的因果卷积逐层从时间序列数据中提取多尺度局部信息, 同时避免了传统卷积计算中固有的未来数据泄漏问题. 随后, Transformer编码器通过其自注意机制进一步捕获时间序列数据中的短期和长期依赖关系. 通过将多尺度局部特征增强单元与Transformer编码器相结合, 提出的MS_Transformer全面捕捉了时间序列数据中的局部和全局模式. 在广泛使用的C-MAPSS基准数据集上进行的消融和预测实验验证了模型的合理性和有效性. 与13个先进预测模型的比较分析表明, MS_Transformer模型在操作条件更复杂的FD002和FD004数据集上的RMSE和Score指标优于其他模型, 同时在四个数据集上的平均性能最优. 该研究为发动机剩余寿命预测提供了更为可靠的解决方案.
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关键词:
- 剩余寿命预测 /
- 航空发动机 /
- Transformer /
- 多尺度特征 /
- 局部特征
Abstract: Accurate prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) of aeroengine is crucial for ensuring their safety and reliability. In the process of predicting RUL based on multi-sensor detection data, it is necessary to address the issue of local feature extraction to comprehensively capture the degradation trends of equipment at different time scales, as well as the global learning problem of long-term dependencies among elements in the time series. Therefore, we propose a predictive model named MS_Transformer, which combines the multi-scale local feature enhancement unit (MSLFU_BLOCK) and a Transformer encoder. The MSLFU_BLOCK leverages stacked causal convolutional layers to progressively extract multi-scale local information from the time series data, simultaneously mitigating concerns related to future data leakage inherent in conventional convolutional computations. Subsequently, the Transformer encoder, with its self-attention mechanism, further captures short-term and long-term dependencies within the time series data. By integrating the MSLFU_BLOCK with the Transformer encoder, the proposed MS_Transformer comprehensively captures both local and global patterns within time series data. Extensive ablation and prediction experiments were performed on the widely utilized C-MAPSS benchmark dataset to validate the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed model. Comparative analyses with thirteen advanced prediction models demonstrate that the MS_Transformer model outperforms others, particularly on the more complex FD002 and FD004 datasets, based on RMSE and Score metrics. The average performance across all four datasets indicates the superiority of the proposed approach. The research provides a more reliable solution for predicting the RUL of engines.-
Key words:
- Remaining life prediction /
- aeroengine /
- Transformer /
- multi-scale features /
- local features
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图 1 MS_Transformer剩余寿命预测模型结构图
Fig. 1 Architecture of the MS_Transformer remaining life prediction model
图 5 测试集上预测值与真实值对比图
Fig. 5 Comparison of predicted values and ground truth on the test set
图 6 发动机剩余使用寿命全周期预测评估
Fig. 6 Full lifecycle predictive evaluation of engine remaining useful life
表 1 C-MAPSS数据集的属性
Table 1 Attributes of the C-MAPSS dataset
参数 FD001 FD002 FD003 FD004 训练集中发动机个数 100 260 100 249 测试集中发动机个数 100 259 100 248 操作条件 1 6 1 6 错误模式 1 1 2 2 训练集大小 20632 53760 24721 61250 测试集大小 13097 33992 16597 41215 
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表 2 与先进方法相比较
Table 2 Comparison with state-of-the-art methods
方法 FD001 FD002 FD003 FD004 Average RMSE Score RMSE Score RMSE Score RMSE Score RMSE Score LSTM (2017)[7] 16.14 338.00 24.49 1718.00 16.18 852.00 28.17 2238.00 21.25 1286.50 DCNN (2018)[11] 12.61 274.00 22.36 4020.00 12.64 284.00 23.31 5027.00 17.73 2401.25 HDNN (2019)[14] 13.02 245.00 15.24 1282.42 12.22 287.72 18.16 1527.42 14.66 835.64 AGCNN (2021)[18] 12.42 225.51 19.43 1492.00 13.39 227.09 21.50 3392.00 16.68 1334.15 GCU_Transformer (2021)[32] 11.27 — 22.81 — 11.42 — 24.86 — 17.59 — BiGRU-TSAM (2022)[20] 12.56 213.35 18.94 2264.13 12.45 232.86 20.47 3610.34 16.10 1580.17 IDMFFN (2022)[13] 12.18 204.69 19.17 1819.42 11.89 205.54 21.72 3338.84 16.24 1392.12 MTSTAN (2023)[24] 10.97 175.36 16.81 1154.36 10.90 188.22 18.85 1446.29 14.38 741.06 Encoder-Attention (2023)[21] 10.35 183.75 15.82 1008.08 11.34 219.63 17.35 1751.23 13.72 790.67 MSIDSN (2023)[23] 11.74 205.55 18.26 2046.65 12.04 196.42 22.48 2910.73 16.13 1339.83 ATCN (2024)[26] 11.48 194.25 15.82 1210.57 11.34 249.19 17.80 1934.86 14.11 897.22 MHT (2024)[33] 11.92 215.20 13.70 746.70 10.63 150.50 17.73 1572.00 13.50 671.10 MachNet (2024)[34] 11.04 176.82 24.52 3326.00 10.59 161.26 28.86 5916.00 18.75 2395.02 Ours 11.79 224.36 11.98 608.88 11.95 225.05 14.47 1072.38 12.55 532.67
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表 3 消融实验结果
Table 3 Results of ablation experiment
方法 FD001 FD002 FD003 FD004 RMSE Score RMSE Score RMSE Score RMSE Score MS_Transformer 11.79 224.36 11.98 608.88 11.95 225.05 14.47 1072.38 MS (CNN) _Transformer 12.82 254.36 13.72 1098.09 13.80 325.05 15.93 1372.87 MS_Transformer (w/o MS) 13.20 275.59 15.78 1430.90 14.45 445.51 18.48 1754.22 MS_Transformer (w/o s & MS) 13.91 298.18 15.91 1497.41 16.10 552.61 19.03 1992.69
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表 4 不同窗口长度对应的预测指标值
Table 4 Predictive metric values corresponding to different window lengths
滑动窗口长度 FD001 FD002 FD003 FD004 RMSE Score RMSE Score RMSE Score RMSE Score $L=30 $ 12.89 264.78 14.38 1011.04 13.73 279.99 17.20 1858.13 $L=40 $ 12.67 268.07 13.42 854.88 12.21 213.13 16.74 1676.82 $L=50 $ 11.93 212.96 12.94 724.12 12.31 255.20 15.56 1375.81 $L=60 $ 11.79 224.36 11.98 608.88 11.95 225.05 14.47 1072.38 $L=70 $ 12.23 242.86 11.75 587.67 12.59 266.96 14.26 1093.49
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表 5 不同因果卷积层数对应的预测指标值
Table 5 Predictive metric values corresponding to different numbers of causal convolution layers
因果卷积层数 FD001 FD002 FD003 FD004 RMSE Score RMSE Score RMSE Score RMSE Score 1 12.28 270.33 12.64 749.42 12.60 278.99 16.31 1887.34 2 11.79 224.36 11.98 608.88 11.95 225.05 14.47 1072.38 3 13.02 270.33 14.98 1225.98 14.19 367.16 17.30 2185.46
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表 6 不同数量的encoder layer对应的预测指标值
Table 6 Predictive metric values corresponding to different numbers of encoder layers
编码器层数 FD001 FD002 FD003 FD004 RMSE Score RMSE Score RMSE Score RMSE Score 1 11.79 224.36 11.98 608.88 11.95 225.05 14.47 1072.38 2 11.35 210.25 12.78 785.32 11.56 230.32 16.72 1785.03 3 11.95 223.25 12.58 735.32 11.86 235.46 15.72 1685.03
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