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摘要: 目前, 深度卷积神经网络(Convolutional neural network, CNN)已主导了单图像超分辨率(Single image super-resolution, SISR)技术的研究, 并取得了很大进展. 但是, SISR仍是一个开放性问题, 重建的超分辨率(Super-resolution, SR)图像往往会出现模糊、纹理细节丢失和失真等问题. 提出一个新的逐像素对比损失, 在一个局部区域中, 使SR图像的像素尽可能靠近对应的原高分辨率(High-resolution, HR)图像的像素, 并远离局部区域中的其他像素, 可改进SR图像的保真度和视觉质量. 提出一个组合对比损失的渐进残差特征融合网络(Progressive residual feature fusion network, PRFFN). 主要贡献有: 1)提出一个通用的基于对比学习的逐像素损失函数, 能够改进SR图像的保真度和视觉质量; 2)提出一个轻量的多尺度残差通道注意力块(Multi-scale residual channel attention block, MRCAB), 可以更好地提取和利用多尺度特征信息; 3)提出一个空间注意力融合块(Spatial attention fuse block, SAFB), 可以更好地利用邻近空间特征的相关性. 实验结果表明, PRFFN显著优于其他代表性方法.Abstract: Deep convolutional neural network (CNN) has achieved great success in single image super-resolution (SISR). However, SISR is still an open issue, and reconstructed super-resolution (SR) images often suffer from blurring, loss of texture details and distortion. In this paper, a new pixel-wise contrastive loss is proposed to improve the fidelity and visual quality of SR images by making the pixels of SR images as close as possible to the corresponding pixels of the original high-resolution (HR) images and away from the other pixels in the local region. We also propose a progressive residual feature fusion network (PRFFN) with combined contrastive loss, and the main contributions include: 1) A general pixel-wise loss function based on contrastive learning is proposed, which can improve the fidelity and visual quality of SR images; 2) A lightweight multi-scale residual channel attention block (MRCAB) is proposed, which can better extract and utilize multi-scale feature information; 3) A spatial attention fusion block (SAFB) is proposed, which can better utilize the correlation of neighboring spatial features. The experimental results demonstrate that PRFFN significantly outperforms other representative methods.
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图 1 不同损失及其组合的PSNR/SSIM和视觉效果
Fig. 1 PSNR/SSIM and visual effects for different losses and their combinations
图 2 在Set14数据集上, 不同SISR方法2倍SR结果的平均PSNR值和参数量
Fig. 2 Average PSNRs and parameter counts for 2 times SR models for each state-of-the-art SISR method on the Set14 dataset
图 7 Urban100数据集中, SwinIR-light使用不同损失函数, img004图像的3倍SR结果
Fig. 7 The 3 times SR results of SwinIR-light using different losses on the img004 image inthe Urban100 data set
表 1 DIV2K_val5验证集上, 不同模型, 3倍SR的平均PSNR和参数量
Table 1 The average PSNRs and parameter counts of 3 times SR for different models on the DIV2K_val5 validation data set
模型 $L_{1}$ $L_{cntr}$ 参数量(K) PSNR (dB) PRFFN0 $\checkmark$ — 2975 32.259 PRFFN1 $\checkmark$ — 3222 32.307 PRFFN2 $\checkmark$ — 3167 32.342 PRFFN3 $\checkmark$ — 3167 32.364 PRFFN $\checkmark$ $\checkmark$ 3167 32.451 
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表 2 DIV2K_val5验证集上, 不同损失函数及其组合, 3倍SR的平均PSNR和LPIPS结果
Table 2 The average PSNRs and LPIPSs of 3 times SR for different losses and their combinations on the DIV2K_val5 validation data set
$L_{1}$ $L_{perc}$ $L_{CSD}$ $L_{cntr}$ PSNR (dB) LPIPS $\checkmark$ — — — 32.364 0.0978 $\checkmark$ — — $\checkmark$ 32.451 0.0969 $\checkmark$ $\checkmark$ — — 32.236 0.0672 $\checkmark$ $\checkmark$ — $\checkmark$ 32.305 0.0656 $\checkmark$ — $\checkmark$ — 32.387 0.0624 $\checkmark$ — $\checkmark$ $\checkmark$ 32.432 0.0613
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表 3 DIV2K_val5验证集上, 不同$ \lambda_{C} $, 3倍SR的平均PSNR结果
Table 3 The average PSNRs of 3 times SR for different $ \lambda_{C} $on the DIV2K_val5 validation data set
$\lambda_{C}$ PSNR (dB) $10^{-2}$ 32.386 $10^{-1}$ 32.451 $1$ 32.381 $10$ 32.372
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表 4 DIV2K_val5验证集上, 不同模型包含与不包含$ L_{cntr} $损失, 3倍SR的平均PSNR和SSIM结果
Table 4 The average PSNRs and SSIMs of 3 times SR for different models with and without $ L_{cntr} $ loss on the DIV2K_val5 validation data set
模型 $L_{cntr}$ PSNR (dB) SSIM EDSR — 32.273 0.9057 $ \checkmark$ 32.334 ($\uparrow 0.061$) 0.9067 ($\uparrow 0.0010$) SwinIR-light — 32.442 0.9062 $ \checkmark$ 32.489 ($\uparrow 0.047$) 0.9069 ($\uparrow 0.0007$) RCAN — 32.564 0.9088 $ \checkmark$ 32.628 ($\uparrow 0.064$) 0.9096 ($\uparrow 0.0008$)
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表 5 DIV2K_val5验证集上, 不同大小局部区域, 3倍SR的平均PSNR结果
Table 5 The average PSNRs of 3 times SR for different size local regions on the DIV2K_val5 validation data set
$S$ PSNR (dB) $16$ 32.425 $64$ 32.451 $256$ 32.458
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表 6 3倍SR训练10个迭代周期, 训练占用的内存和使用的训练时间
Table 6 For 3 times SR, 10 epochs, comparing the memory and time used by training
$L_{cntr}$ $S$ 内存(MB) 时间(s) — — 4126 1962 $\checkmark$ 16 4836 2081 $\checkmark$ 64 5216 2219 $\checkmark$ 256 7541 2893
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表 7 DIV2K_val5验证集上, MRCAB不同分支和不同扩张率组合, 3倍SR的平均PSNR结果
Table 7 The average PSNRs of 3 times SR for the different branches of MRCAB with different dilation rate combinations on the DIV2K_val5 validation data set
不同的扩张率卷积组合 PSNR (dB) $1$ 32.375 $1, 2$ 32.370 $1, 2, 3$ 32.392 $1, 2, 4$ 32.451 $1, 2, 5$ 32.415
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表 8 5个标准测试数据集上, 不同SISR方法的2倍、3倍和4倍SR的平均PSNR和SSIM结果
Table 8 The average PSNRs and SSIMs of 2 times, 3 times, and 4 times SR for different SISR methods on five standard test data sets
放大倍数 方法 参数量(K) 计算量(G) 推理时间(ms) Set5 PSNR/SSIM Set14 PSNR/SSIM B100 PSNR/SSIM Urban100 PSNR/SSIM Manga109 PSNR/SSIM 2 FSRCNN 13 6.0 26 37.00/0.9558 32.63/0.9088 31.53/0.8920 29.88/0.9020 36.67/0.9694 SMSR 985 224.1 536 38.00/0.9601 33.64/0.9179 32.17/0.8990 32.19/0.9284 38.76/0.9771 ACAN 800 2108.0 — 38.10/0.9608 33.60/0.9177 32.21/0.9001 32.29/0.9297 38.81/0.9773 AWSRN 1397 320.5 506 38.11/0.9608 33.78/0.9189 32.26/0.9006 32.49/0.9316 38.87/0.9776 DRCN 1774 17974.0 — 37.63/0.9588 33.04/0.9118 31.85/0.8942 30.75/0.9133 37.55/0.9732 CARN 1592 222.8 352 37.76/0.9590 33.52/0.9166 32.09/0.8978 31.92/0.9256 38.36/0.9765 OISR-RK2 4971 1145.7 715 38.12/0.9609 33.80/0.9193 32.26/0.9007 32.48/0.9317 38.79/0.9773 OISR-LF 4971 1145.7 722 38.12/0.9609 33.78/0.9196 32.26/0.9007 32.52/0.9320 38.80/0.9774 MSRN 6078 1356.8 810 38.08/0.9607 33.70/0.9186 32.23/0.9002 32.29/0.9303 38.69/0.9772 SeaNet 7471 3709.1 1920 38.08/0.9609 33.75/0.9190 32.27/0.9008 32.50/0.9318 38.76/0.9774 TSAN 3989 1013.1 1183 38.22/0.9619 33.84/0.9218 32.32/0.9015 32.77/0.9345 —/— PRFFN 2988 656.4 792 38.18/0.9611 33.90/0.9207 32.30/0.9012 32.75/0.9337 39.02/0.9777 3 FSRCNN 13 4.6 14 33.16/0.9140 29.43/0.8242 28.53/0.7910 26.43/0.8080 30.98/0.9212 SMSR 993 100.5 281 34.40/0.9270 30.33/0.8412 29.10/0.8050 28.25/0.8536 33.68/0.9445 ACAN 1115 1051.7 — 34.46/0.9277 30.39/0.8435 29.11/0.8065 28.28/0.8550 33.61/09447 AWSRN 1476 150.6 263 34.52/0.9281 30.38/0.8426 29.16/0.8069 28.42/0.8580 33.85/0.9463 DRCN 1774 17974.0 — 33.85/0.9215 29.89/0.8304 28.81/0.7954 27.16/0.8311 32.31/0.9328 CARN 1592 118.8 177 34.29/0.9255 30.29/0.8407 29.06/0.8034 27.38/0.8493 33.50/0.9440 OISR-RK2 5640 578.6 366 34.55/0.9282 30.46/0.8443 29.18/0.8075 28.50/0.8597 33.80/0.9442 OISR-LF 5640 578.6 367 34.56/0.9284 30.46/0.8450 29.20/0.8077 28.56/0.8606 33.78/0.9441 MSRN 6078 621.2 476 34.38/0.9262 30.34/0.8395 29.08/0.8041 28.08/0.8554 33.44/0.9427 SeaNet 7397 3233.2 994 34.55/0.9282 30.42/0.8444 29.17/0.8071 28.50/0.8594 33.73/0.9463 TSAN 4174 565.6 650 34.64/0.9282 30.52/0.8454 29.20/0.8080 28.55/0.8602 —/— PRFFN 3167 312.5 441 34.67/0.9288 30.54/0.8460 29.23/0.8084 28.65/0.8621 34.03/0.9473 4 FSRCNN 13 4.6 8 30.71/0.8657 27.59/0.7535 26.98/0.7150 24.62/0.7280 27.90/0.8517 SMSR 1006 57.2 192 32.12/0.8932 28.55/0.7808 27.55/0.7351 26.11/0.7868 30.54/0.9085 ACAN 1556 616.5 — 32.24/0.8955 28.62/0.7824 27.59/0.7379 26.31/0.7922 30.53/0.9086 AWSRN 1587 91.1 188 32.27/0.8960 28.69/0.7843 27.64/0.7385 26.29/0.7930 30.72/0.9109 DRCN 1774 17974.0 — 31.56/0.8810 28.15/0.7627 27.23/0.7150 25.14/0.7510 28.98/0.8816 CARN 1592 90.9 121 32.13/0.8937 28.60/0.7806 27.58/0.7349 26.07/0.7837 30.47/0.9084 OISR-RK2 5500 412.2 241 32.32/0.8965 28.72/0.7843 27.66/0.7390 26.37/0.7953 30.75/0.9082 OISR-LF 5500 412.2 239 32.33/0.8968 28.73/0.7845 27.66/0.7389 26.38/0.7953 30.76/0.9080 MSRN 6078 365.1 352 32.07/0.8903 28.60/0.7751 27.52/0.7273 26.04/0.7896 30.17/0.9034 SeaNet 7397 3065.6 704 32.33/0.8981 28.72/0.7855 27.65/0.7388 26.32/0.7942 30.74/0.9129 TSAN 4137 415.1 452 32.40/0.8975 28.73/0.7847 27.67/0.7398 26.39/0.7955 —/— PRFFN 3131 200.1 316 32.43/0.8983 28.75/0.7857 27.70/0.7398 26.55/0.7974 30.93/0.9133
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