航天器威胁规避智能自主控制技术研究综述

袁利; 姜甜甜

doi:10.16383/j.aas.c211027

航天器威胁规避智能自主控制技术研究综述

doi: 10.16383/j.aas.c211027

袁利^{1, 2,},
姜甜甜^{2, 3,}

1.
中国空间技术研究院北京 100190
2.
空间智能控制技术重点实验室北京 100190
3.
北京控制工程研究所北京 100190

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(U21B6001)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
袁利：中国空间技术研究院研究员. 主要研究方向为航天器自主控制, 鲁棒容错控制技术. E-mail: yuanli@spacechina.com

姜甜甜：北京控制工程研究所高级工程师. 主要研究方向为航天器控制技术. 本文通信作者. E-mail: jiangtt@amss.ac.cn

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-10-31
- 录用日期: 2022-07-30
- 网络出版日期: 2022-09-15
- 刊出日期: 2023-02-20

Review on Intelligent Autonomous Control for Spacecraft Confronting Orbital Threats

YUAN Li^{1, 2
,},
JIANG Tian-Tian^{2, 3
,}

1.
China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100190
2.
Science and Technology on Space Intelligent Control Laboratory, Beijing 100190
3.
Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing 100190

Funds: Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (U21B6001)

More Information

Author Bio:
YUAN Li　Professor at China Ac-ademy of Space Technology. His research interest covers spacecraft autonomous control and robust fault-tolerant control

JIANG Tian-Tian　Senior engineer at Beijing Institute of Control Engineering. Her main research interest is spacecraft control technology. Corresponding author of this paper

摘要

摘要: 当前, 轨道空间日益拥挤、太空竞争不断加剧, 对航天器执行既定任务时的轨道威胁自主应对能力提出了新的挑战, 使得航天器智能自主控制技术迎来新的发展机遇. 在调研分析了轨道威胁感知、自主决策规划、规避机动动作执行、自主控制系统架构相关研究进展的基础上, 总结提出了威胁规避智能自主控制面临的主要瓶颈问题, 并分析指出发展“感知−决策−执行”一体化控制是破解瓶颈难题的有效手段, 最后从一体化控制系统建模、设计、分析与验证多方面, 系统讨论了威胁规避智能自主控制需要重点关注的若干基础问题, 为未来航天器智能自主控制的理论研究和技术发展提供启发和参考.
- 轨道威胁感知 /
- 自主决策规划 /
- “感知−决策−执行”一体化 /
- 航天器智能自主控制
Abstract: At present, the safe operations of spacecraft are facing severe challenges due to the increasingly congested orbital space and intensified space competition, which poses new challenges to the ability of spacecraft to autonomously cope with orbital threats while carrying out established missions, and at the same time, brings new development opportunities to intelligent autonomous control technologies of spacecraft. Under such a circumstance, after summarizing the current trends of orbital threat perception, spacecraft autonomous decision-making and planning, collision avoidance maneuvers, and autonomous control system architecture design, we analyze the main bottleneck problems in the intelligent autonomous control for spacecraft confronting orbital threats, and then propose that developing the integrated “perception-decision-action” control system is an effective means to solve the bottleneck problems. Furthermore, we systematically discuss the basic theoretical issues that need to be addressed in the intelligent autonomous control of threat avoidance from the aspects of integrated control system modeling, design, analysis and verification.

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图 1 面向轨道威胁的航天器 “感知−决策−执行” 星上闭环过程

Fig. 1 Spacecraft on-board “perception-decision-action” closed-loop process for orbital threats

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 航天器“感知−决策−执行”一体化控制系统逻辑架构示意图

Fig. 2 Logical architecture diagram of spacecraft “perception-decision-action” integrated control system

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 4个方面基础问题之间的相互关系示意图

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of the relationship between the four basic theoretical questions

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 分层递阶式架构与反应式架构优缺点对比^[162]

Table 1 Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of hierarchical architecture and reactive one^[162]

序号	架构类型	项目名称	描述
1	分层递阶式架构	优势不足	易实现高等智能缺乏实时性和灵活性, 可靠性不高
2	反应式架构	优势不足	实时性强多控制回路对同一执行机构存在争夺冲突, 系统可预测性差、缺乏高等级智能

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表 2 航天器自身及其运行环境的特点

Table 2 Characteristics of the spacecraft and its operating environment

项目名称	特点描述
硬件可维护性	服役周期长, “运载 + 维护”成本高, 维修操作技术难度大, 需要长时间以“不变的硬件”适应“多变的威胁”
星上资源	星上敏感器、计算、存储等资源严重受限 (计算处理能力400 ~ 1000百万次/秒) 需要统筹优化软硬件资源, 动态协调、消解冲突, 降低对星上资源的依赖
光照条件	空间成像条件恶劣, 目标反射不均匀导致局部图像过亮或过暗、成像连续性差; 地影区导致不可观测弧段长; 色彩单一、信息量有限
威胁行为特征	交会、绕飞、佯动等威胁行为特征不明显, 需要长期关注多类特征, 给出综合判断
时间跨度	威胁影响存续时间长(威胁产生、变化、消失的全生命周期)
空间跨度	目标测量从米级到千公里量级, 远距离时成像分辨率低、只有方位信息, 且往往具有稀疏性
轨道约束	轨道速度大, 横向机动能力弱(典型卫星横向机动加速度最大0.01 ~ 0.05 m/s²), 变轨代价高

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