联合样本输出与特征空间的半监督概念漂移检测法及其应用

孙子健; 汤健; 乔俊飞

doi:10.16383/j.aas.c200984

联合样本输出与特征空间的半监督概念漂移检测法及其应用

doi: 10.16383/j.aas.c200984

孙子健^{1, 2,},
汤健^{1, 2,},
乔俊飞^{1, 2,}

1.
北京工业大学信息学部北京 100124
2.
计算智能与智能系统北京市重点实验室北京 100124

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(62073006, 62021003, 61890930-5), 北京市自然科学基金(4212032, 4192009), 科学技术部国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1900800-5), 矿冶过程自动控制技术国家(北京市)重点实验室(BGRIMM-KZSKL-2020-02)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
孙子健：北京工业大学信息学部硕士研究生. 主要研究方向为概念漂移检测, 城市固废焚烧过程难测参数软测量. E-mail: sunzj@emails.bjut.edu.cn

汤健：北京工业大学信息学部教授. 主要研究方向为小样本数据建模, 城市固废处理过程智能控制. E-mail: freeflytang@bjut.edu.cn

乔俊飞：北京工业大学信息学部教授. 主要研究方向为污水处理过程智能控制, 神经网络结构设计与优化. 本文通信作者. E-mail: junfeiq@bjut.edu.cn

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-11-27
- 录用日期: 2021-03-02
- 网络出版日期: 2021-05-16
- 刊出日期: 2022-05-13

Semi-supervised Concept Drift Detection Method by Combining Sample Output Space and Feature Space With Its Application

SUN Zi-Jian^{1, 2
,},
TANG Jian^{1, 2
,},
QIAO Jun-Fei^{1, 2
,}

1.
Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124
2.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Beijing 100124

Funds: Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (62073006, 62021003, 61890930-5), Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, (4212032, 4192009), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1900800-5), and the National (Beijing) Key Laboratory of Automatic Control Technology for Mining and Metallurgical Process (BGRIMM-KZSKL-2020-02)

More Information

Author Bio:
SUN Zi-Jian　Master student at the Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology. His research interest covers concept drift detection and soft measurement of difficulty-to-measure parameters in municipal solid waste incineration process

TANG Jian　Professor at the Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology. His research interest covers small sample data modeling and intelligent control of municipal solid waste treatment process

QIAO Jun-Fei　Professor at the Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology. His research interest covers intelligent control of wastewater treatment process, and structure design and optimization of neural networks. Corresponding author of this paper

摘要

摘要: 城市固废焚烧(Municipal solid waste incineration, MSWI)过程受垃圾成分波动、设备磨损与维修、季节交替变化等因素的影响而存在概念漂移现象, 这导致用于污染物排放浓度的建模数据具有时变性. 为此, 需要识别能够表征概念漂移的新样本对污染物测量模型进行更新, 但现有漂移检测方法难以有效应用于建模样本真值获取困难的工业过程. 针对上述问题, 提出一种联合样本输出与特征空间的半监督概念漂移检测方法. 首先, 采用基于主成分分析(Principal component analysis, PCA)的无监督机制识别特征空间内的概念漂移样本; 然后, 在样本输出空间采用基于时间差分(Temporal-difference, TD)学习的半监督机制对上述概念漂移样本进行伪真值标注后, 再用Page-Hinkley检测法确认能够表征概念漂移的样本; 最后, 采用上述步骤获得的新样本结合历史样本对模型进行更新. 基于合成和真实工业过程数据集的仿真结果表明所提方法具有优于已有方法的性能, 能够在加强模型漂移适应性的同时有效缩减样本标注成本.
- 城市固废焚烧 /
- 概念漂移检测 /
- 半监督机制 /
- 特征空间 /
- 样本空间
Abstract: The modeling data used for pollutant emission concentration in the municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is time-varying due to the concept drift phenomenon, which is caused by factors such as fluctuations in waste composition, equipment wear and repair, and seasonal changes. Thus, it is necessary to identify new samples that can represent the concept drift for pollutant measurement model updating. However, the existing methods are limited by the modeling samples＇ true values, which are difficult to be effectively applied to industrial processes. Thus, a semi-supervised concept drift detection method by combining sample output space and feature space is proposed. Firstly, unsupervised mechanism based on principal component analysis (PCA) is used in the sample feature space to identify concept drift samples. Then, semi-supervised mechanism based on temporal-difference (TD) learning is used in the sample output space to label the pseudo-true value for the identified concept drift samples. Further, the Page-Hinkley detection method is used to confirm the concept drift samples. Finally, the new samples obtained by the above steps are combined with historical samples to update the measurement model. The simulation results based on synthetic and real industrial process data sets show that the proposed method has better performance than the existing methods. Moreover, the cost of sample annotation is effectively reduced and the drift adaptability of the measurement model is enhanced.
- Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) /
- concept drift detection /
- semi-supervised mechanism /
- feature space /
- sample space
注释:

1) 收稿日期 2020-11-27 录用日期 2021-03-02 Manuscript received November 27, 2020; accepted March 2,2021 国家自然科学基金 (62073006, 62021003, 61890930-5), 北京市自然科学基金 (4212032, 4192009), 科学技术部国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1900800-5), 矿冶过程自动控制技术国家 (北京市) 重点实验室 (BGRIMM-KZSKL-2020-02) 资助 Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (62073006, 62021003, 61890930-5), Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (4212032, 4192009), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1900800-5), and the National (Beijing) Key Laboratory of Automatic Control Technology for Mining and Metallurgical Process (BGRIMM-KZSKL-2020-02)

2) 本文责任编委魏庆来 Recommended by Associate Editor WEI Qing-Lai 1. 北京工业大学信息学部北京 100124 2. 计算智能与智能系统北京市重点实验室北京 100124 1. Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124 2. Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System, Beijing 100124

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图 1 MSWI工艺流程图

Fig. 1 The flow chart of MSWI process

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图 2 常见概念漂移处理方式

Fig. 2 The common way to deal with concept drift

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图 3 本文算法策略

Fig. 3 The strategy of the proposed algorithm

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图 4 各特征在概念漂移环境中的变化情况

Fig. 4 Changes of each feature in the concept drift environment

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图 5 原始模型测量结果

Fig. 5 Measurement results of the original model

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图 6 针对特征空间的漂移检测结果

Fig. 6 Drift detection results in the feature space

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图 7 针对特征空间漂移样本的伪真值标注结果

Fig. 7 Pseudo-true value labeling results for samples with concept drift in the feature space

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图 8 针对输出空间的漂移检测结果

Fig. 8 Drift detection results in the output space

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图 9 采用所提漂移检测算法后模型测量误差变化

Fig. 9 Changes of model measurement error after adopting the proposed drift detection algorithm

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图 10 采用不同算法时模型测量误差变化

Fig. 10 Changes in model measurement errors when using different algorithms

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表 1 各数据集参数介绍

Table 1 Detailed introduction of each data set

数据集	样本总数	建模样本数	验证样本数	漂移样本数	特征空间维数
合成	1500	500	500	500	5
过程	1500	500	500	500	18

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表 2 仿真参数设置

Table 2 Simulation parameter setting

参数名称	数据集
参数名称	合成	过程
GPR 核函数	径向基核函数	径向基核函数
核函数宽度	0.5967	1.5116
核函数特征长度	0.7939	1.4734
待标注样本窗口容量 (w)	8	50
PCA 控制限置信度 (Conf_SPE, Conf_T²)	0.8, 0.8	0.9, 0.9
TD 学习最近邻数量 $(\varepsilon) $	6	5
Page-Hinkley 检测法基准累计平均测量误差 (${\phi _0}$)	2.2919	16.8846

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表 3 所提算法检测信息

Table 3 Detection information of the proposed algorithm

	合成数据集	过程数据集
缓存窗口填满次数	50	9
模型更新次数	44	8
标注漂移样本伪真值数	350	441
原始模型 RMSE	7.6478	53.0210
采用本文算法后模型 RMSE	2.5840	28.8785

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表 4 不同算法检测性能比较

Table 4 Comparison of detection performance of different algorithms

数据集	检测算法	模型更新次数	更新所需真值数	模型测量 RMSE	其他
合成	无监督型	101	101	2.5846	需采用真值更新
	有监督型	99	990	2.2943	需采用真值检测与更新
	本文算法	44	50	2.5840	采用伪真值更新
过程	无监督型	463	463	35.8261	需采用真值更新
	有监督型	19	450	28.4729	需采用真值检测与更新
	本文算法	8	9	28.8785	采用伪真值更新

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表 5 不同模型测量性能比较

Table 5 Comparison of measurement performance of different models

数据集	测量模型	核函数 (核宽度)	最小叶尺寸	训练 RMSE	训练 R²	测量 RMSE
合成	SVR	径向基 (0.5600)	—	0.2479	0.94	3.7900
	RT	—	4	0.3034	0.91	3.1241
	GPR	径向基 (0.5967)	—	0.1899	0.96	2.5840
过程	SVR	径向基 (1.1000)	—	0.1369	0.98	30.3916
	RT	—	4	0.1630	0.97	29.9548
	GPR	径向基 (1.5116)	—	0.1348	0.98	28.8785

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表 6 不同距离函数对模型更新性能影响

Table 6 The influence of different distance functions on model updating performance

数据集	距离函数	伪真值标注平均误差	模型测量 RMSE
合成	曼哈顿距离	3.3434	3.1939
	切比雪夫距离	3.2382	3.2484
	欧氏距离	3.2760	2.5840
过程	曼哈顿距离	38.0043	28.9954
	切比雪夫距离	37.7392	28.9947
	欧氏距离	35.9429	28.8785

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表 7 不同可变参数对应算法性能变化

Table 7 Algorithm performance changes corresponding to different variable parameters

样本窗口容量 w	最近邻数量 $\varepsilon $	PCA 控制限 Conf_SPE,Conf_T²	缓存窗口填满次数	标注伪真值数	更新次数	伪真值标注平均误差	模型测量 RMSE
30	3	0.85, 0.85	16	464	13	38.9005	31.0823
		0.90, 0.90	16	464	15	48.2016	35.2513
		0.95, 0.95	16	464	12	37.7528	28.9876
	5	0.85, 0.85	16	464	15	40.0004	30.4071
		0.90, 0.90	16	464	15	47.6636	34.2694
		0.95, 0.95	15	435	13	39.0258	31.0078
	8	0.85, 0.85	16	464	12	40.1782	28.8912
		0.90, 0.90	16	464	15	46.5567	32.8323
		0.95, 0.95	15	435	14	38.4400	30.5321
50	3	0.85, 0.85	9	441	8	42.9923	30.1536
		0.90, 0.90	9	441	8	36.8999	29.7216
		0.95, 0.95	9	441	7	31.2822	29.3330
	5	0.85, 0.85	9	441	8	43.4483	29.8960
		0.90, 0.90	9	441	9	35.9429	28.8785
		0.95, 0.95	9	441	7	31.9674	29.9178
	8	0.85, 0.85	9	441	8	42.9759	29.4615
		0.90, 0.90	9	441	8	37.0338	29.2796
		0.95, 0.95	9	441	6	31.4267	29.3356
70	3	0.85, 0.85	6	414	5	44.7315	33.6308
		0.90, 0.90	6	414	5	46.9859	36.2573
		0.95, 0.95	6	414	5	33.4711	33.1686
	5	0.85, 0.85	6	414	5	41.9744	32.4663
		0.90, 0.90	6	414	5	44.4580	34.3495
		0.95, 0.95	6	414	5	33.6287	34.2660
	8	0.85, 0.85	6	414	5	42.3929	31.0446
		0.90, 0.90	6	414	5	45.8771	34.5003
		0.95, 0.95	6	414	5	33.2206	33.5950

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