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面向比特币的区块链扩容:关键技术, 制约因素与衍生问题

曾帅 袁勇 倪晓春 王飞跃

曾帅, 袁勇, 倪晓春, 王飞跃. 面向比特币的区块链扩容:关键技术, 制约因素与衍生问题. 自动化学报, 2019, 45(6): 1015-1030. doi: 10.16383/j.aas.c180100
引用本文: 曾帅, 袁勇, 倪晓春, 王飞跃. 面向比特币的区块链扩容:关键技术, 制约因素与衍生问题. 自动化学报, 2019, 45(6): 1015-1030. doi: 10.16383/j.aas.c180100
ZENG Shuai, YUAN Yong, NI Xiao-Chun, WANG Fei-Yue. Scaling Blockchain Towards Bitcoin: Key Technologies, Constraints and Related Issues. ACTA AUTOMATICA SINICA, 2019, 45(6): 1015-1030. doi: 10.16383/j.aas.c180100
Citation: ZENG Shuai, YUAN Yong, NI Xiao-Chun, WANG Fei-Yue. Scaling Blockchain Towards Bitcoin: Key Technologies, Constraints and Related Issues. ACTA AUTOMATICA SINICA, 2019, 45(6): 1015-1030. doi: 10.16383/j.aas.c180100

面向比特币的区块链扩容:关键技术, 制约因素与衍生问题

doi: 10.16383/j.aas.c180100
基金项目: 

国家自然科学基金 71402178

国家自然科学基金 71702182

国家自然科学基金 71232006

国家自然科学基金 71472174

国家自然科学基金 61533019

国家自然科学基金 61233001

国家自然科学基金 71102117

详细信息
    作者简介:

    曾帅   中国科学院自动化研究所复杂系统管理与控制国家重点实验室助理研究员.2011年于北京邮电大学获得信号与信息处理专业博士学位.主要研究方向为社会计算, 策略优化与区块链.E-mail:shuai.zeng@ia.ac.cn

    倪晓春   中国科学院自动化研究所复杂系统管理与控制国家重点实验室工程师.2008年于大连海事大学获得管理科学与工程专业硕士学位.主要研究方向为社会计算与区块链.E-mail:xiaochun.ni@ia.ac.cn

    王飞跃   中国科学院自动化研究所复杂系统管理与控制国家重点实验室主任, 国防科技大学军事计算实验与平行系统技术研究中心主任, 中国科学院大学中国经济与社会安全研究中心主任, 青岛智能产业技术研究院院长.主要研究方向为平行系统的方法与应用, 社会计算, 平行智能以及知识自动化.E-mail:feiyue.wang@ia.ac.cn

    通讯作者:

    袁勇  中国科学院自动化研究所复杂系统管理与控制国家重点实验室副研究员.2008年于山东科技大学获得计算机软件与理论专业博士学位.主要研究方向为社会计算, 计算广告与区块链.本文通信作者.E-mail:yong.yuan@ia.ac.cn

Scaling Blockchain Towards Bitcoin: Key Technologies, Constraints and Related Issues

Funds: 

National Natural Science Foundation of China 71402178

National Natural Science Foundation of China 71702182

National Natural Science Foundation of China 71232006

National Natural Science Foundation of China 71472174

National Natural Science Foundation of China 61533019

National Natural Science Foundation of China 61233001

National Natural Science Foundation of China 71102117

More Information
    Author Bio:

       Assistant professor at The State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences. She received her Ph.D. degree in signal and information processing from Beijing University of Post & Telecommunication in 2011. Her research interest covers social computing, strategy optimaization and blockchain

      Engineer at The State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He received his master degree in management science and engineering from Dalian Maritime University in 2008. His research interest covers social computing and knowledge automation

      State specially appointed expert and director of the State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Professor of the Research Center for Computational Experiments and Parallel Systems Technology, National University of Defense Technology. Director of China Economic and Social Security Research Center in University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Dean of Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries. His research interest covers methods and applications for parallel systems, social computing, parallel intelligence, and knowledge automation

    Corresponding author: YUAN Yong    Associate professor at The State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He received his Ph. D. degree in computer software and theory from Shandong University of Science and Technology in 2008. His research interest covers social computing, computational advertising and blockchain. Corresponding author of this paper
  • 摘要: 比特币是一种利用区块链技术的点对点记账系统.随着比特币的发展,现有的比特币系统架构已经不能满足日益增长的交易需求,亟需扩容以寻求长期发展.比特币是以人为核心的复杂社会经济系统,比特币扩容是涉及多方利益的复杂问题,引起了业界与学术界的广泛关注.本文提出了一个比特币系统扩容问题的研究框架,包括关键技术,制约因素与衍生问题三部分,以深入探讨和研究比特币扩容问题.在该研究框架下,首先介绍链上和链下两类扩容关键技术及发展现状;其次从网络负载和节点瓶颈两方面,总结制约比特币扩容方案的宏观与微观因素;最后,探讨两类衍生问题:从系统安全性的角度,探讨比特币扩容可能引发的安全问题及解决策略;从币值、交易费与矿工收益等方面,阐述比特币扩容涉及的经济问题.
    1)  本文责任编委 刘向杰
  • 图  1  平均区块大小(日期: 2018-01-18)

    Fig.  1  The average block size (Date: 2018-01-18)

    图  2  交易手续费百分比(日期: 2017-01-19至2018-01-18)

    Fig.  2  Cost of transaction volume, (Date: 2017-01-19 ~ 2018-01-18)

    图  3  平均交易手续费(日期: 2017-01-19至2018-01-18)

    Fig.  3  Cost per transaction (Date: 2017-01-19 ~ 2018-01-18)

    图  4  面向比特币的区块链扩容研究框架

    Fig.  4  The research framework of the blockchain scalability problem towards Bitcoin

    图  5  Bitcoin-NG链结构示例

    Fig.  5  An illustrative example of chain structure in Bitcoin-NG

    图  6  闪电网络微支付通道

    Fig.  6  Micropayment channels based on Lightning Network

    图  7  基于闪电网络的多节点支付通道

    Fig.  7  Payment over the Lightning Network using HTLCs

    图  8  对称楔入式侧链示例

    Fig.  8  An example of two-way peg protocal

    图  9  比特币扩容进展时间轴

    Fig.  9  Timeline of Bitcoin scalability progress

    图  10  提高区块容量或生成速率引起的系统变化

    Fig.  10  System changes caused by increasing the block size or block rate

    图  11  GHOST协议示例

    Fig.  11  An example of the GHOST protocol

    图  12  SPECTRE协议示例

    Fig.  12  An example of the SPECTRE protocol

    图  13  哈希率分布(日期: 2018-01-18)

    Fig.  13  Hashrate distribution (Date: 2018-01-18)

    图  14  客户端分布情况(日期: 2018-01-18)[28]

    Fig.  14  Software distribution (Date: 2018-01-18)[28]

    图  15  比特币价格波动

    Fig.  15  Bitcoin price fluctuations

    表  1  区块扩容方案比较

    Table  1  Comparison among BIPs related to increasing block size

    编号 主要内容 提出者 提出时间 状态
    100 区块大小可为1 MB至32 MB之间的浮动值由矿工投票决定实际区块大小 Jeff Garzik, Tom Harding, Dagur Valberg Johannsson 2015-06-11 Removed
    101 在全网75 %算力支持下在2016-01-11将区块大小限制提高到8 MB并在2036-01-06前每两年对上限值进行翻倍直到达到8 GB. Gavin Andresen 2015-06-22 Withdrawn
    102 在2015-11-11将区块大小限制提高到2 MB. Jeff Garzik 2015-06-23 Draft
    103 在2063年前每年将区块大小限制提高17.7 %. Pieter Wuille 2015-07-21 Draft
    104 按照最近2016个区块的大小调整上限. t.khan 2017-01-13 Draft
    105 按照最近2016个区块的矿工投票调整上限. BtcDrak 2015-08-21 Draft
    106 1)按照最近难度区间的区块大小调整上限; 2)按照最近2个难度区间的区块大小以及交易手续费调整上限. Upal Chakraborty 2015-08-24 Draft
    107 分两阶段扩容进行扩容. (阶段一) 2016~2017: 2 MB; 2018~2019: 4 MB; 2020: 6 MB; (阶段二)从2020年以后每4周按照区块大小决定是否将上限提高10 %. Washington Y. Sanchez 2015-09-11 Draft
    109 在全网75 %算力支持下将区块大小限制提高到2 MB., Gavin Andresen 2016-01-28 Rejected
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  比特币线上扩容重要提案

    Table  2  BIPs related to on-chain scaling

    编号 主要内容 提出者 提出时间 状态
    9 对区块中的版本字段的语义进行更改让多个软分叉方案可以并行执行.它将版本字段表示为位向量每个位可以用于跟踪独立的改变.矿工通过更新某个位的值表示对某项软分叉准备就绪.在软分叉开始$([STARTED])$后当一个难度区间内(即2 016个区块)中95 %的区块都表示支持该项软分叉则它进入锁定阶段($[LOCKED\_IN]$)否则失败($[FAILED]); $被锁定的软分叉需要再等2016个区块才能正式激活. Pieter Wuille, Peter Todd, Greg Maxwell, Rusty Russell, 2015-10-04 Final
    91 该提案削弱了原SegWit激活条件(即BIP9): 1)确认窗口从2016个区块下降到336个区块; 2)激活阈值从95 %削减到80 %; 3)接受bit1和bit4两种信号发送方式在激活后拒绝没有发送bit1的区块. James Hilliard 2017-05-22 Final
    148 采取UASF方案激活SegWit支持UASF的节点会在2017-08-01开始强制执行新规则不符合新规则的区块将被这些节点拒绝. Shaolin Fry 2017-03-12 Final
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2018-02-13
  • 录用日期:  2018-04-16
  • 刊出日期:  2019-06-20

目录

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    返回文章
    返回