图像理解中的卷积神经网络

常亮; 邓小明; 周明全; 武仲科; 袁野; 杨硕; 王宏安

doi:10.16383/j.aas.2016.c150800

图像理解中的卷积神经网络

doi: 10.16383/j.aas.2016.c150800

常亮^1,2,,
邓小明^3, ,,
周明全^1,2,,
武仲科^1,2,,
袁野^3,4,,
杨硕^3,4,,
王宏安^3,

1.
北京师范大学信息科学与技术学院北京 100875
2.
教育部虚拟现实应用工程研究中心北京 100875
3.
中国科学院软件研究所人机交互北京市重点实验室北京 100190
4.
中国科学院大学计算机与控制学院北京 100049

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金 61473276

国家自然科学基金 61402040

详细信息

作者简介:
常亮北京师范大学信息科学与技术学院副教授.主要研究方向为计算机视觉与机器学习.E-mail:changliang@bnu.edu.cn

周明全北京师范大学信息科学与技术学院教授.主要研究方向为计算机可视化技术,虚拟现实.E-mail:mqzhou@bnu.edu.cn

武仲科北京师范大学信息科学与技术学院教授.主要研究方向为计算机图形学,计算机辅助几何设计,计算机动画,虚拟现实.E-mail:zwu@bnu.edu.cn

袁野中国科学院软件研究所硕士研究生.主要研究方向为计算机视觉.E-mail:yuanye13@mails.ucas.ac.cn

杨硕中国科学院软件研究所硕士研究生.主要研究方向为计算机视觉.E-mail:yangshuo114@mails.ucas.ac.cn

王宏安中国科学院软件研究所研究员.主要研究方向为实时智能,自然人机交互.E-mail:hongan@iscas.ac.cn

通讯作者:
邓小明中国科学院软件研究所副研究员.主要研究方向为计算机视觉.本文通信作者.E-mail:xiaoming@iscas.ac.cn

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2015-12-11
- 录用日期: 2016-05-03
- 刊出日期: 2016-09-01

Convolutional Neural Networks in Image Understanding

CHANG Liang^{1,2
,},
DENG Xiao-Ming^{3
, ,},
ZHOU Ming-Quan^{1,2
,},
WU Zhong-Ke^{1,2
,},
YUAN Ye^{3,4
,},
YANG Shuo^{3,4
,},
WANG Hong-An^3
,

1.
College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875
2.
Engineering Research Center of Virtual Reality and Applications, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875
3.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Human-Computer Interactions, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190
4.
School of Computer and Control Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 61473276

National Natural Science Foundation of China 61402040

More Information

Author Bio:
Associate professor at the College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University. Her research interest covers computer vision and machine learning.

Professor at the College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University. His research interest covers information visualization and virtual reality.

Professor at the College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University. His research interest covers computer graphics, computer-aided design, computer animation, and virtual reality.

Master student at the Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His main research interest is computer vision.

Master student at the Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His main research interest is computer vision.

Professor at the Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research interest covers real-time intelligence and natural human-computer interactions.

Corresponding author: DENG Xiao-Ming Associate professor at the Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His main research interest is computer vision. Corresponding author of this paper.

摘要

摘要: 近年来，卷积神经网络（Convolutional neural networks，CNN）已在图像理解领域得到了广泛的应用，引起了研究者的关注. 特别是随着大规模图像数据的产生以及计算机硬件（特别是GPU）的飞速发展，卷积神经网络以及其改进方法在图像理解中取得了突破性的成果，引发了研究的热潮. 本文综述了卷积神经网络在图像理解中的研究进展与典型应用. 首先，阐述卷积神经网络的基础理论;然后，阐述其在图像理解的具体方面，如图像分类与物体检测、人脸识别和场景的语义分割等的研究进展与应用.
- 卷积神经网络 /
- 图像理解 /
- 深度学习 /
- 图像分类 /
- 物体检测
Abstract: Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been widely applied to image understanding, and they have arose much attention from researchers. Specifically, with the emergence of large image sets and the rapid development of GPUs, convolutional neural networks and their improvements have made breakthroughs in image understanding, bringing about wide applications into this area. This paper summarizes the up-to-date research and typical applications for convolutional neural networks in image understanding. We firstly review the theoretical basis, and then we present the recent advances and achievements in major areas of image understanding, such as image classification, object detection, face recognition, semantic image segmentation etc.
- Convolutional neural networks (CNN) /
- image understanding /
- deep learning /
- image classification /
- object detection

HTML全文

图 1 卷积神经网络示例

Fig. 1 Illustration of convolutional neural networks

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图 2 AlexNet卷积神经网络结构示意图^[8]

Fig. 2 Network architecture of AlexNet convolutional neural networks^[8]

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图 3 基于卷积神经网络的关节检测方法^[63]

Fig. 3 Hand joint detection with convolutional neural networks^[63]

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表 1 ImageNet竞赛历年来图像分类任务的部分领先结果

Table 1 Representative top ranked results in image classification task of "ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge"

公布时间	机构	Top-5错误率
2015.12.10	MSRA	3.57^[15]
2014.8.18	Google	6.66^[11]
2014.8.18	Oxford	7.33^[12]
2013.11.14	NYU	11.7
2012.10.13	U.Toronto	16.4^[8]

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表 2 部分具有代表性的图像分类和物体检测模型对比

Table 2 Comparison of representative image classification and object detection models

方法	输入	优点	缺点
AlexNet^[8]	整张图像(需要对图像放缩到固定大小)	网络简单易于训练, 对图像分类有较强的鉴别力	网络输入图像要求固定大小, 容易破环物体的纵横比和上下文信息
GoogLeNet^[11]	整张图像(需要对图像放缩到固定大小)	对图像分类拥有非常强的鉴别力, 参数相对AlexNet较少	网络复杂, 对样本数量要求较高, 训练耗时
VGG^[12]	整张图像(需要对图像放缩到固定大小)	对图像分类拥有非常强的鉴别力	网络复杂, 对样本数量要求较高, 训练耗时, 需要多次对网络参数的微调
DPM^[23]	整张图像	对物体检测拥有较强的鉴别力, 对形变和遮挡具有一定的处理能力	使用人工设计的HOG特征^[26]; 对物体检测的精度通常比本表中其他的CNN网络低
R-CNN^[9]	图像区域	对物体检测拥有很强的鉴别力; 比在图像金字塔上逐层滑动窗口的物体检测方法效率高;使用包围盒回归(Bounding box regression)提高物体的定位精度	依赖于区域选择算法; 网络输入图像要求固定大小, 容易破环物体的纵横比和上下文信息; 训练是多阶段过程:在特定检测数据集上对网络参数进行微调、提取特征、训练SVM (Sup-port vector machine)分类器、包围盒回归(Bounding box regression);训练时间耗时、耗存储空间
SPP-net^[10]	整张图像(不要求固定大小)	对物体检测拥有很强的鉴别力, 输入图像可以任意大小, 可保证图像的比例信息训练速度比R-CNN快3倍左右, 测试比R-CNN快10~100倍	网络结构复杂时, 池化对图像造成一定的信息丢失; SPP层前的卷积层不能进行网络参数更新^[24]; 训练是多阶段过程:在特定检测数据集上对网络参数进行微调、提取特征、训练SVM分类器、包围盒回归; 训练时间耗时、耗存储空间
Fast R-CNN^[24]	整张图像(不要求固定大小)	训练和测试都明显快于SPP-net (除了候选区域提取以外的环节接近于实时), 对物体检测拥有很强的鉴别力, 输入图像可以任意大小, 保证图像比例信息, 同时进行分类与定位	依赖于候选区域选择, 它仍是计算瓶颈
Faster R-CNN^[29]	整张图像(不要求固定大小)	比Fast R-CNN更加快速, 对物体检测拥有很强的鉴别力; 不依赖于区域选择算法; 输入图像可以任意大小, 保证图像比例信息, 同时进行区域选择算法、分类与定位	训练过程较复杂; 计算流程仍有较大优化空间; 难以解决被遮挡物体的识别问题

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